mRNA vaccine history:
https://www.statnews.com/2020/11/10/the-story-of-mrna-how-a-once-dismissed-idea-became-a-leading-technology-in-the-covid-vaccine-race/
https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2021/the-long-history-of-mrna-vaccines
https://cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/52424.html

Safety:
https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/covid-vaccine-came-out-super-quickly-heres-why-its-safe

Stage 3 trials:
https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-conclude-phase-3-study-covid-19-vaccine

Short COVID vaccine history in Romanian:
https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/coronavirus-response/safe-covid-19-vaccines-europeans/how-are-vaccines-developed-authorised-and-put-market_ro

Similarities and dissimilarities between COVID-19 virus and previous corona viruses:
https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-micro-110520-023212

mRNA vaccine technology:
https://www.nature.com/articles/nrd.2017.243
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41573-021-00283-5
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10384963/
https://jbiomedsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12929-023-00977-5

Pharmacovigilance:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9589581/
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/17/6/807
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8662238/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10043970/

Misinformation:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9858741/

GBS and COVID vaccines:
https://www.jwatch.org/na56706/2023/11/20/covid-19-and-vaccines-risk-factors-guillain-barr-syndrome
"[...] cohort of 3,193,951 patients [...] 76 patients diagnosed with GBS [...] Adenovirus-vectored vaccines showed a 2.4 times increased risk of GBS that was about seven times higher compared with mRNA-based vaccines."

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10896967
"We included 17 cohorts from 13 studies, collecting 1450 GBS cases over a total of 1,058,927,070 administered vaccine doses. The random-effects model yielded 1.25 GBS cases per million vaccine doses (95%CI 0.21; 2.83). [...] The GBS rate for adenovirus-vectored vaccines was five times higher than for mRNA vaccines."
Mandates: Many countries have introduced mandates for COVID vaccines (as of mid 2023: 55 countries as an occupational mandate and only 10 countries as a national mandate: Italy, Greece, Austria, Costa Rica, Turkmenistan, Ecuador, Kazakhstan, Cambodia, Tajikistan, and South Sudan). Many countries have mandated vaccines for travel.
* Specifically, in Romania, vaccines were never mandated by the government. As of July 2021, four different vaccines were available (2 mRNA and 2 non-mRNA vaccines) for those that wished to take them voluntarily. Not surprisingly, Romania ranks #16 in the world at COVID deaths per capita with a death rate triple the world average and double the world average at COVID cases per capita. Also, Romanians considerably lagged the world in COVID vaccination rates (about 0.88 vs 1.7 vaccines per capita) and effectively stopped vaccinating against COVID in early 2022 (long before the rest of the world as it continued vaccinating until late 2023). As of April 2024, Romanians are still not obliged to vaccinate against COVID (per insp@gov.ro).

mRNA vaccines: There are studies that show that mRNA vaccines are no more dangerous than non-mRNA vaccines despite the rumors. What I find fascinating is that some people think that an mRNA vaccine is a lot more dangerous because it targets specifically the immune system, as it introduces foreign mRNA into our bloodstream thus creating undesired autoimmune reactions. Newsflash: non-MRNA vaccines also target the immune system and MAY create undesired autoimmune reactions just like common viral and bacterial infections do. As of mid-2024, according to a study published in NEJM, in the long run, COVID vaccines appear to have helped against long COVID. Here is an explainer from CDC about the adverse effects from the vaccination.
On CBC Rado last Saturday’s Quirks and Quarks a lot of interesting topics were covered: long Covid effects on the central nervous system (as the body of the iceberg who’s visible portion we only glimpsed in the past few years), how bonobo individual aggression is mainly directed towards other males and is individual, and about the Mars-Earth 2.4M year cycle that affects Earth’s eccentricity and climate (we are in the middle of it now at its lowest effect). The last topic prompted me to look at other long cycles that affect Earth’s eccentricity: Venus-Jupiter 405ky cycle (also at its ebb now having peaked 216ky ago). There are also the Milankovitch cycles that impact climate. I wonder if all the current climate models account for all these cycles (which they probably did).

The quibble I had was with John Holt’s suggestion that an unschooled child can make contributions to quantum physics (on a Rewing 1983 episode from CBC Ideas) on which I commented as a reply to a post I made quite recently on this blog.
Bastard et al have published fascinating research linking SARS-CoV-2 infection severity to autoantibodies against IFN (which do increase with age). I wonder if screening for antibodies against type I IFNs using ELISA (as Bastard suggests) is a suboptimal path to simple immunization.

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